Summary

In Original Sins, Ewing demonstrates that our schools were designed to propagate the idea of white intellectual superiority, to “civilize” Native students and to prepare Black students for menial labor. Education was not an afterthought for the Founding Fathers; it was envisioned by Thomas Jefferson as an institution that would fortify the country’s racial hierarchy. Ewing argues that these dynamics persist in a curriculum that continues to minimize the horrors of American history. The most insidious aspects of this system fall below the radar in the forms of standardized testing, academic tracking, disciplinary policies, and uneven access to resources.

By demonstrating that it’s in the DNA of American schools to serve as an effective and underacknowledged mechanism maintaining inequality in this country today, Ewing makes the case that we need a profound reevaluation of what schools are supposed to do, and for whom. This book will change the way people understand the place we send our children for eight hours a day.

Review
I'm going to keep this review short and sweet and let the learnings talk for themselves. This is necessary reading for all educators. So if you're one, please pick it up ASAP.


What I learned

• Noah Webster, who created The Webster Dictionary wrote it in order to promote uniformity and "purity" in language in the United States as immigration from countries other than England became to increase.

• The beginning of public schooling in America was built upon the idea of encouraging assimilliation and to teach the principles of "Americanism", which is why the Pledge of Allegiance was introduced into the classroom. The hope was that children would then be figures of assimillation in their household and influence the rest of their family.

• Home Economics stemmed from evangelists hoping to "save our social fabric".

"The sin lies not only in the act of violence, but in the creation of the idea that makes the violence morally permissable. I argue that the way Black and Native children have been treated in schools, from the earliest days of this country to the present, is an integral part of the way racial hierarchy is constructed and maintained; that school is a place where thse ideas leave a lifelong mark on our sense of who we are, how we fit into the world, what is normal, and what is just."

• White women educators were often used by the state in order to "tame" and control Black students. This can be especially seen through Lydia Marie Child who taught and wrote how Black people should recieve violence with grace and that retribution should never be an option. She said that the most important thing for a Black child to learn was patience.

• The Carlisle Indian Industrial School opened in 1879 and wasn't closed until 1918. Over 10,000 students were enrolled in this school and were taught by literal military discipline. It's estimated that almost 200 children died here.

  • By 1900, 75% of Native children were enrolled in boarding schools.

    On residential schools:
    " 'Education for exctinction.' Civilization was a code word for the total erasure of Indigenous peoples from the face of the land. Civilization meant genocide."

    

    Photo: from Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 1880
    

• In 1972, Native women were still reporting that they had recieved hysterectomies under duress or without consent. It was discovered that at least a quarter of Native women between the ages 15-45 may have undergone sterilizations. This was also a widespread problem during this time for Black women.

  • In fact, a 2022 report found that 31 states have laws that still permit sterilization without an individual's consent. This largely targets people who are disabled.

• In 1984, a survey of over 1,000 researchers of education and psychology found that 45% of them believed that the differences in Black and White IQ tests were at least partially due to genetic reasons. In 1984!

"We tend to selectively call the beliefs of the past pseudoscience when they make us uncomfortable, rather than confronting the reality that they were once considered orthodox science and relfecting on what that should mean for us now."

• The convict laborer program that started in the 1800s was a death sentence. In Mississippi, not one person involved in the system lived long enough to serve out their ten-year sentence. 1/4 of these prisoners were children.